Temporal Complementarity Analysis of Photovoltaic and Wind Power Generation Using Dynamic Time Warping

This study presents an analysis of the temporal complementarity between photovoltaic and wind power generation based on real measurement data obtained in the Lublin Voivodeship (Poland) in 2024. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the degree of time-dependent interaction between two renewable energy sources and to determine the potential for hybrid operation in a regional renewable energy mix. The measurements were conducted under real operating conditions, with a sampling frequency of 15 min for photovoltaic data and 10 min for wind data. After synchronization and resampling to a common 30 min interval, both datasets were compared using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, which allows for the nonlinear alignment of time series with phase shifts. The results confirmed significant variability in the relationship between the two sources depending on the month. In April, a higher DTW distance (174.281) indicated the predominance of source substitutability, where one source compensated for the low generation of the other. In May, the DTW distance decreased to 138.978, revealing stronger source complementarity, where both PV and wind contributed simultaneously to the total output. The study demonstrates that DTW is a useful analytical tool for identifying temporal complementarity patterns and for quantifying the synergy between renewable sources. The proposed methodology can be applied to optimize hybrid system design and to improve grid balancing in energy systems with a high share of renewables.