Carbon dioxide condensation: Theory, phenomenon and application

• Theoretical and application research progress of CO 2 condensation is reviewed. • Thermodynamics and kinetics of CO 2 condensation are explored. • Multi-scale understanding on key features of CO 2 condensation is provided. • Applications of CO 2 condensation in three fields are introduced. In this paper, a detailed overview of the theories, phenomena, and diverse applications of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) condensation, along with a comprehensive summary of research progress in this field, is presented. Through relevant theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies, the thermodynamic and kinetic principles of carbon dioxide condensation were thoroughly discussed, and the influences of temperature, pressure, impurities, and other factors on the process of carbon dioxide condensation were elucidated. In addition, the applications of carbon dioxide condensation in various fields, including energy, the environment, and industry, such as carbon dioxide capture and storage, refrigeration technology, and enhanced oil and gas recovery, were introduced. The results suggest that the possibility exists to reach an appropriate overlap between experiments and simulations for nucleation rates, but it remains a difficult task. The predictive accuracy and reliability of the existing phase equilibrium and nucleation models for the carbon dioxide condensation process in complex systems and practical application scenarios still need to be further improved. In addition, technologies such as carbon dioxide capture and storage, refrigeration and energy storage still face many challenges in large-scale applications, such as high energy consumption, low efficiency, poor flexibility, safety and environmental impact. Fields related to carbon dioxide nucleation and condensation.