Performance and Emissions Optimization of a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel–Diesel Blends with Amine-Modified Nanobiochar

Utilizing bio-based nano-fuel additives presents a promising path towards improved engine performance and reduced emissions. The response surface method is used in this investigation to predict and optimize the performance parameters and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The engine operates with B20 at 2900, 3100, and 3300 rpm and nanobiochar concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm. The results showed a declining trend in all of the engine-out emissions when the nanobiochar additive was used. Based on the optimization results, an engine speed of 3108 rpm and a nanobiochar ratio of 90 ppm were found to be the optimal conditions within the defined range of the input parameters. At this point, the engine power, torque, BSFC, and emissions of NOx, CO, and UHC were measured at 5.78 kW, 17.96 Nm, and 309 g/kW·h, 104.9 ppm, 1.25 (%Vol.), and 104.9 ppm, respectively. These values represent significant improvements compared to the baseline B20 fuel. The modeling results showed that RSM could effectively predict engine performance and emissions when running on a green-based fuel like B20, with a 90 ppm nanobiochar additive.