Risk Factors, Early Detection, and Management of Dementia in the Geriatric Population: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a major public health challenge in aging populations. Its origins are multifactorial, involving genetic, vascular, metabolic, and psychological factors. Increasing age is the leading unchangeable risk factor for dementia, with a marked rise in incidence observed in individuals older than 65, especially with each subsequent five-year interval. The APOE ɛ4 allele further increases susceptibility, though its full impact remains incompletely understood. In contrast, modifiable lifestyle factors—such as physical activity, education, and social engagement—can reduce risk and delay onset. Early detection remains a critical challenge, as mild cognitive impairment often goes unrecognized. While neuroimaging and biomarkers offer diagnostic potential, their high cost and limited accessibility hinder widespread adoption, especially in underserved regions. Emerging technologies, including AI-driven tools and mobile applications, show promise for scalable early detection, though their integration must be carefully managed to complement clinical judgment and human care. Management typically combines pharmacological treatments, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, with non-pharmacological approaches, including cognitive therapy and psychosocial support. However, dementia imposes a substantial burden on caregivers—emotional, physical, and financial—underscoring the urgent need for robust and sustainable support systems. This review highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to dementia care, integrating prevention, early diagnosis, and individualized management strategies to improve outcomes for both patients and caregivers.