Urodynamic parameters in stress-induced incontinence in female diabetic rats: Possible beneficial role of Abscisic acid

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease expected to affect 693 million by 2045. A significant but often overlooked complication of type 2 DM in the elderly is stress urinary incontinence (SUI), which impairs their quality of life. Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant phytohormone, has been found in human cells such as granulocytes and pancreatic beta cells. This study aimed to explore the protective and therapeutic effects of ABA on SUI in female diabetic rats. Forty rats were assigned to five groups, including control, VD-induced SUI, VD+DM, VD+ABA, and VD+DM+ABA groups. ABA was administered orally for 8 weeks, with additional treatment post-VD in some groups. We assessed glucose levels (HbA1c, insulin), oxidative stress (LDH), renal markers (urea, creatinine), and SUI (ALPP). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis evaluated urethral tissue, caspase-3, and LC3 expression. Results showed ABA improved glucose regulation, reduced LDH, urea, and creatinine levels, and increased ALPP. Histology indicated less inflammation and fibrosis in ABA-treated groups. Caspase-3 and LC3 expression were modulated favorably by ABA. Thus, ABA showed both prophylactic and therapeutic effects against SUI in diabetic rats through its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic actions.