Histopathologic effect and immunomodulatory of <i>Indigofera oblongifolia</i> with silver nanoparticles against splenic injury by <i>Plasmodium chabaudi</i> infection in mice

Malaria, a globally prevalent disease caused by Plasmodium species, significantly impacts the immune system, particularly affecting splenic function. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of <i>Indigofera oblongifolia</i> leaf extracts (IOLE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against <i>Plasmodium chabaudi</i>-induced splenic damage in a female C57BL/6 mice model. Fifty female mice were infected with <i>P. chabaudi</i> and subsequently treated with IOLE AgNPs or chloroquine phosphate. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that IOLE AgNPs effectively restored splenic architecture, reduced inflammatory markers, and improved immune responses compared to the control and chloroquine-treated groups. These findings suggest that IOLE AgNPs may offer a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate splenic dysfunction associated with malaria and provide comparative analysis between established therapies like chloroquine and innovative combination of traditional medical plant and modern nano technology.