CRITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING REMOTE LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH

The COVID-19 pandemic forced a rapid transition from traditional classrooms to remote learning, creating both opportunities and challenges. This study investigates factors influencing remote learning effectiveness among secondary school students. Using a quantitative design, structured surveys measured technological readiness, attitudes, motivation, and perceptions. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that attitude, motivation, and perception significantly impact learning success, with student readiness, engagement, and satisfaction playing key roles. Addressing technological barriers, fostering participation, and enhancing teachers’ digital skills emerged as essential strategies. The study also emphasizes supportive home environments and attention to students’ psychological well-being. Findings offer practical guidance for creating inclusive, resilient, and adaptive educational systems prepared for future disruptions.