LHC physics for cosmic rays

High energy hadron-hadron collisions can provide many valuable inputs for cosmic-ray physics. Forward hadron production measurements at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) probe equivalent fixed target collision energies of above a PeV, which are a crucial input for modeling of ultra high energy cosmic-ray air showers. Recently the new LHC experiments, FASER and SND@LHC, have carried out the first studies with TeV neutrinos produced in the forward region of the LHC collisions, introducing a new tool to probe forward light- and heavy-hadron production. The 2025 LHC programme includes, for the first time, O-O and p-O collisions which will provide improved input for cosmic-ray shower models, particularly with measurements from the dedicated LHCf experiment. In addition, an updated measurement of multi-muon cosmic-ray events observed in the ALICE detector was recently released. This talk will summarize recent physics results and future prospects relevant for cosmic-ray measurements from the suite of experiments at the LHC.