The Convergence of Green Innovation and Digital Technologies: A Blockchain-Enabled Framework for Sustainable Development

This study examines the relationship between blockchain technology capabilities, green innovation performance, and sustainable ‎development outcomes in Indonesian manufacturing companies using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Data were ‎collected from manufacturing firms with over ten years of operation through structured questionnaires employing seven-point Likert ‎scales. While internal consistency reliability proved acceptable with Cronbach's Alpha and composite reliability values exceeding ‎established thresholds, the study encountered severe discriminant validity failures that fundamentally compromise structural model ‎interpretations. The correlation between green innovation performance and sustainable development outcomes substantially exceeded ‎acceptable thresholds, indicating empirical indistinguishability between constructs, while several factor loadings approached minimum ‎acceptable levels. Despite these critical methodological limitations, structural analysis revealed strong blockchain-green innovation ‎relationships and weak direct blockchain-sustainability effects, suggesting potential mediation patterns through green innovation ‎performance. However, the discriminant validity failure prevents definitive theoretical conclusions, requiring cautious interpretation of all ‎findings. The cross-sectional design further limits causal inference capabilities. Results suggest organizations should focus on capability ‎development alongside blockchain adoption, though measurement validity issues necessitate substantial methodological refinement in ‎future research. This study contributes to understanding blockchain-sustainability relationships in manufacturing contexts while ‎highlighting critical methodological challenges that must be addressed before advancing theoretical knowledge. The findings align with ‎Dynamic Capabilities Theory perspectives, suggesting that technological resources become valuable through organizational capability ‎development rather than direct implementation‎.