Artificial vagina conformation and composition for semen collection

AVs are devices used to collect semen from trained animals in human care for breeding programs. AVs have been developed for many bird and mammalian species. We examined the published literature to assess how AV compositions have changed across species since their initial use in 1914. We extracted data from the literature on AV materials, shapes, elasticities, and unique design features. Most AVs consisted of semi-elastic tube-shaped devices constructed of multiple materials. The most common design feature was a warmed bladder. AV compositions have not changed substantially over time or species, indicating opportunities for innovations such as incorporating anatomical features to improve semen quality.