Irreversible Electroporation of AC16 Cardiomyocytes Induced by Nanosecond High Voltage Pulse In Vitro

For AC16 cardiomyocytes, increasing the electric field strength of nanosecond PEF induces progressive deepening of electroporation. Specifically, at 1500 V/cm, the pores reached an average depth of approximately 30 nm, while at 2200 V/cm, the depth extended to approximately 80 nm with localized membrane rupture. Pore diameter and density also increased with higher field strengths, and a clear electric field threshold distinguished reversible from irreversible electroporation.