Phyto‐Mediated Synthesis of BaSO ₄ Nanoparticles from <i>Commelina benghalensis</i> Leaf Extract: Dual‐Functional Applications in Dye Adsorption and Seed Germination

Abstract This study explores the green synthesis of barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) nanoparticles using Commelina benghalensis leaf extract, offering an eco‐friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods. The BaSO 4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesised and characterised using UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), confirming their crystalline nature, spherical morphology, and elemental purity. The nanoparticles demonstrated excellent adsorptive efficiency by removing up to 85% of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes (200 ppm, 2 h) through adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were further validated through 10,000‐sample Monte Carlo simulations. In agricultural trials, BaSO 4 NPs significantly improved seed germination in Vigna mungo , with a 70% increase in shoot and root length observed at 80‐120 ppm. However, higher concentrations showed signs of phytotoxicity. These findings highlight the dual potential of green‐synthesised BaSO 4 NPs in environmental remediation and agriculture, marking a step forward in sustainable nanotechnology applications. This study uniquely integrates green synthesis with Monte Carlo statistical modeling to establish a reproducible and eco‐sustainable approach for multifunctional BaSO 4 nanoparticles.