Papillomavirus infection in equids

Equine papillomaviruses are a group of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily target the epithelial cells of horses. These viruses belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are known to cause benign and, in some cases, malignant lesions in equids known as warts or papillomas. These viruses have been associated with various equine diseases, including classical viral papillomatosis, genital papillomatosis and aural plaques. This review provides an overview of the classification, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of equine papillomavirus infections. Additionally, the potential role of equine papillomaviruses in equine squamous cell carcinoma and its implications for equine health are discussed. A systematic approach was used to analyse recent studies on equine papillomavirus, focusing on epidemiology, molecular characteristics and treatment strategies.