Biogenic Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles via <i>Spilanthes Paniculata</i> : A Comprehensive Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Catalytic Activities

Abstract In this study, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Spilanthes paniculata (SP) via an optimized green synthesis approach. The synthesized SP‐AgNPs were characterized using SEM, TEM, EDAX, DLS, UV‐vis, FTIR, XRD, and Zeta potential analysis. The results showed that the obtained silver nanoparticles (SP‐AgNPs) were crystalline in nature and spherical in shape, with an average size of 17 nm (XRD). Additionally, SP‐AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both the planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Hemocompatibility assessment using sheep red blood cells (RBCs) indicated the nontoxic nature of SP‐AgNPs. In addition, SP‐AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant potential against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, along with notable catalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue, methyl violet, and methyl orange dyes. Collectively, this study on the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles under optimized conditions, along with the comprehensive evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties, highlights the potential of SP as a sustainable biofactory for multifunctional nanomaterials. This study may thus serve as a valuable reference for future multidisciplinary research involving biogenic silver nanoparticles.