Optimizing single and cascade microbial enzyme systems through site-directed mutagenesis for enhancing mycotoxin detoxification

Mycotoxins, among the most extensively studied biological toxins, pose significant health risks to humans and animals, causing substantial economic losses in the agricultural sector. Numerous conventional enzymes isolated from microorganisms have been reported to detoxify mycotoxin, but their stability is questionable for detoxifying mycotoxin and the direct industrial production of enzymes. Currently, few commercial enzymes are available for the detoxification of mycotoxins. Enhancing enzyme stability is essential to ensure effective detoxification under feed-appropriate temperature and pH conditions. To overcome this challenge, the amalgamation of numerous fields, such as bioinformatics and protein engineering, is crucial for improving the enzyme for industrial production. Computational tools are crucial for determining the nucleotides of the sequence for modification using site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) for the existing conventional enzyme. The SDM technique offers a promising approach for modifying conventional enzymes for commercial purposes. Therefore, focusing on identifying, modifying, and producing enzymes that effectively detoxify mycotoxins is crucial for mitigating their effects on animals and preventing economic losses. Also, a fusion of modified enzymes involved in the cascade detoxification of mycotoxin and its derivatives should be focused on. This review provides an overview of the computational tools and protein engineering approaches, focusing on SDM and cascade catalysis for enhanced mycotoxin detoxification. We also discuss the future directions for incorporating these engineered enzyme systems on a commercial scale.