Antibiotic Concentrations in Aquatic Environments of the African Continent: A Systematic Review and Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) Assessment

This review underscores the threatening high concentrations levels of antibiotic in African aquatic environments, particularly in wastewater and surface waters. The presence and levels of some antibiotics exceeding the PNEC thresholds raises concerns because they can foster the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-polluted groundwater and drinking water highlight the urgent need for robust water management and treatment optimization to safeguard human health.