Schneiderian membrane perforation upon the advancement of mechanical drills passing through sinus walls: An ex vivo animal study

Different designs of the drills possessed different tolerance of the advancement of drills exceeding the sinus walls. The ICSD group did not show sinus membrane perforation until the drills extended 2 mm passing through the sinus wall, while the OD group would encounter perforation with less than 1 mm exceeding the sinus walls.