Outcome prediction in newborns with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in approximately 8.5 per 1,000 live births worldwide, with >90% of affected infants born in middle- and low-income countries, indicating a disproportionate global burden.[1] HIE is one of the most significant neurological disorders in neonates. Although its incidence has decreased in some low-income regions because of improved obstetric care [2], it remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis of HIE requires careful clinical evaluation and the exclusion of alternative etiologies such as infection, trauma, metabolic disorders, and congenital anomalies.