Performance enhancement of solar-powered PV/T modules with different techniques: precise review

Abstract The escalating demand for nonrenewable energy resources has significantly contributed to environmental degradation, making the transition to renewable energy sources indispensable. Solar energy, in particular, stands out as a sustainable alternative, as it can be harnessed in both thermal and electrical forms simultaneously through photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors. This study emphasizes the advances in PV/T technologies, presenting a comprehensive synthesis of strategies that have been independently explored in the literature, while reformulating them into a coherent framework with a special focus on emerging approaches. One of the most effective techniques involves the integration of phase change materials (PCM), which enhance system performance by improving thermal efficiency by 3–5% and electrical efficiency by 20–30%, while also alleviating uneven temperature distribution. The incorporation of nanofluids into the flow channel further improves heat transfer characteristics, resulting in greater overall efficiency. Additional structural modifications, such as the insertion of fins, thin metallic sheets, and porous media within the air channel, have been shown to enhance electrical efficiency by 7.7% and thermal efficiency by 17.6%. Equally critical is the role of material selection in determining PV/T performance. Prior research highlights the potential of innovative solar cell technologies, particularly amorphous silicon, for further efficiency improvements. Moreover, PV panels equipped with parallel cooling channels have demonstrated efficiencies reaching 18.92%. The optical and thermal characteristics of cover glass are also decisive, with 4 mm thick glass identified as optimal for maximizing solar transmission while minimizing thermal losses through radiation and convection. However, its fragile nature necessitates careful handling to avoid additional costs due to breakage. Among the various approaches reviewed, the combination of PCM with hybrid nanomaterials has emerged as the most promising solution, particularly from an economic perspective. The stored thermal energy not only enhances system reliability but also enables extended operation beyond sunlight hours, thereby reducing electricity consumption and contributing to more sustainable energy utilization.