Doing the Bare Minimum to Ease the Suffering of Animals We Choose to Eat: A Critical Examination of the Status Quo on Alternatives to Farrowing Crates

Abstract If nonhuman animals must be reared for mass consumption, then the least we can do as humans is treat them humanely. The continued use of farrowing crates (barred metal enclosures where sows are confined for 35 days) in commercial farms, reflects a reluctance to do even that. While studies on alternative systems (including industry-funded ones) have shown positive welfare outcomes for sows, concerns about piglet mortality and profitability have hindered their adoption. However, piglet mortality estimates that exclude causes of death are poor indicators of system viability. Crate-alternative studies also exclude sow mortality and emotional state indicators, reducing their reliability in providing a holistic picture. Unbiased research, systems-improvement, more comprehensive welfare measures, farmer training (including efforts to shift attitudes), policy incentives, and stronger legislation could support a transition to more ethical systems. Public awareness campaigns may also be key, helping to drive the adoption of humane practices through consumer pressure.