Morphological variation and DUS characterization in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) collections from Eastern India for varietal identification and genetic improvement

This study investigates the morphological variation and Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) characterization of Momordica charantia collections from Eastern India to facilitate varietal identification and genetic improvement. Twenty-two bitter gourd varieties were characterized based on morphological traits to assess genetic diversity and enhance breeding program efficiency. Significant variations were observed in fruit morphology (colour, length, surface tubercles, and ridges) and seed characteristics (Colour and margin indentation) enabling effective varietal differentiation. Notably, four accessions were classified as M. charantia var. muricata due to their distinctly small fruit size, highlighting the presence of diverse morphological forms within the studied population. Additionally, admixture was detected in seven varieties, which underscores the necessity for purification processes to ensure the commercial viability of these accessions. This research emphasizes the rich genetic diversity of bitter gourd in Eastern India and identifies key traits that are essential for distinguishing between varieties. The findings provide valuable insights for breeders to develop improved cultivars with enhanced productivity and consumer-preferred traits. Moreover, this study supports ongoing plant breeding efforts to enhance crop quality and yield by identifying reliable morphological traits for varietal differentiation. Furthermore, it recommends additional research to refine DUS criteria by incorporating more traits that effectively differentiate between smooth-type bitter gourd varieties.