Understanding Clubfoot: Integrating Historical Origins, Embryologic Foundations, Epidemiology and Etiology—A Review

CTEV should be considered a systemic developmental dysplasia rather than an isolated foot deformity. The persistence of recurrence and long-term morbidity underscores the need for multidisciplinary research integrating genetics, developmental biology, biomechanics and rehabilitation. Improved understanding of the etiological mechanisms may enable earlier detection, targeted interventions and ultimately better long-term outcomes for affected individuals.