Natural novel vitamin C derivative, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid: Resources, biosynthesis, and applications

As the only naturally occurring stable derivative of <i>L-</i>ascorbic acid (AA; vitamin C), 2-<i>O</i>-<i>β</i>-<i>D</i>-glucopyranosyl-<i>L</i>-ascorbic acid (AA-2<i>β</i>G) is hydrolyzed <i>in vivo</i> to release active AA. AA-2<i>β</i>G exhibits strong antioxidant and antiphotoaging effects comparable to those of AA, and it plays a key role in maintaining organismal health. Owing to its superior stability and bioavailability, AA-2<i>β</i>G is considered as a promising, longer-lasting natural alternative to conventional vitamin C. It was first identified and is particularly abundant in <i>Lycii Fructus</i> (Gouqizi in Chinese) but has been detected in several crop plants. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AA-2<i>β</i>G research, covering key aspects including discovery, structure, natural sources, extraction and detection methods, chemical and <i>in vitro</i> enzymatic synthesis, biosynthetic pathways, as well as applications in health care, skin care, and functional foods. Additionally, we highlight strategies for leveraging plant resources and enhancing AA-2<i>β</i>G biosynthesis, which are expected to accelerate future research and support the sustainable development and utilization of AA-2<i>β</i>G and other high-value natural products.