Human–Bird Interactions Across Time and Space in a Bronze Age City: The Case of Tell Atchana, Alalakh (Amuq Valley, Turkey)

ABSTRACT Birds have played both subsistence and symbolic roles in past human societies, with their significance evolving alongside sedentary lifestyles and agriculture. Although Neolithic settlements in Western Asia primarily relied on domesticated mammals, birds remained a marginal resource, their importance varying by region. This study investigates bird remains from Bronze Age Alalakh (Tell Atchana) to understand their role in an urbanizing society across shifting political and environmental conditions in the Amuq Valley. Avian remains recovered from Tell Atchana (2007–2012) were analyzed using zooarchaeological methods, including taxonomic identification via comparative osteology and further classification through traditional morphometrics. Quantitative analyses assessed skeletal representation, diversity indices, and abundance patterns across excavated time periods and areas. Contextual association with food preparation equipment, cut marks, and skeletal representation provided further insight into human–bird interactions. Results reveal a strong prevalence of waterfowl, comprising over 75% of identified birds, with mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) and teal ( Anas crecca ) as the most abundant bird species. Diachronic variation is evident across major bird taxa, with peak diversity and abundance observed in the Late Bronze Age I, along with a substantial and increasing frequency of migratory birds. These patterns may correspond with broader hydrological and cultural shifts in the region, as well as greater reliance on wild animal resources at times of political unrest. The emphasis on wing elements, particularly in pigeons and mallards, suggests these birds held specific ritual or symbolic significance. Further study is needed to clarify the multifaceted meanings birds held for Alalakh inhabitants, particularly regarding distinctions between consumption, management, and ritual use. Continued investigation into human–bird interactions at the site will contribute to broader discussions on environmental adaptation and cultural practices in early urban societies.