Neighbourhood-built environment and cognitive or social health in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: an umbrella review

The results of the reviews, although heterogeneous, highlight potential relationships between various NBE aspects and the cognitive and social health of older people with MCI or PlwD. Clear associations were identified for certain NBE features-such as green spaces and transportation infrastructure-which demonstrate positive influences on both cognitive functioning and social participation. These findings emphasise the importance of considering both objective environmental characteristics and the subjective perceptions of PlwD and their caregivers when designing dementia-friendly neighbourhoods. By doing so, this umbrella review contributes evidence-based guidance to support autonomy and independent living for people with MCI or dementia. Further research is needed to explore the specific influence of individual NBE aspects on social health and the lived experiences of PlwD and their caregivers.