Political economy barriers on the integration of water, sanitation, and solid waste management services in Ugandan towns

In urbanising areas, siloed planning for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management impedes sustainable development. This study examines barriers to integrating services in urban Uganda, focusing on Wobulenzi and Kakooge with different service models. A mixed-method approach using qualitative and quantitative data was applied. Document reviews and interviews with 48 stakeholders were conducted. The Problem-Driven Political Economy Analysis framework was used with thematic analysis and quantitative assessment of political economy attributes. Findings showed fragmented institutions, insufficient resources, and poor coordination hinder integration. Small towns face financial constraints, technological gaps, and political interference. Key attributes influencing integration include implementation dynamics (19/20), accountability (12/20), and collaboration (10/20). An enabling political economy is crucial for integrated services in urban Uganda. Addressing fragmented governance through policies, coordination, decentralisation, capacity building, and financing is essential. Realigning resource planning can enable strategic solutions, promote service integration, and ensure sustainable WASH and SWM services.