A Review on Design and Application of Advanced Superporous Hydrogels in Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System

Superporous hydrogels (SPHs) are a promising type of material for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). They are attracting attention because of their ability to swell very quickly, their strong mechanical structure, and their long gastric retention. These hydrogels contain a network of interconnected pores that allows them to absorb a large amount of gastric fluid within minutes. As a result, they expand to many times larger than their original size. This rapid swelling helps them stay in the stomach by preventing their passage through the pylorus, which supports a longer residence time and controlled release of drugs at the required site. SPHs can be prepared from natural or synthetic polymers and often include cross-linking agents, gas-forming substances, and bioadhesive components to enhance their function. Their responsiveness to pH and mechanical stress makes them suitable for drugs that are absorbed in specific stomach regions, have poor solubility, or are unstable in the intestine. This review highlights methods of SPH preparation, important design factors, and drug-loading techniques. It also discusses their evaluation in laboratory studies (in vitro) for swelling, strength, and release performance. Despite encouraging results, several challenges remain, including large-scale production, differences in gastric motility, and concerns about polymer-related toxicity. Overall, SPHs hold significant potential to provide reliable, efficient, and patient-friendly options for oral drug delivery. With further research and improved formulation strategies, they may become a key platform for achieving safe and effective gastro-retentive therapies. Keywords: Super Porous Hydrogels (SPHs), Rapid swelling, Porous structure, Gastric Retention