Advancing Minimally Invasive Surgery: Robotic Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma—Efficacy, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness  in Focus

Pheochromocytoma, a rare neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal glands, drives excessive catecholamine production, precipitating hypertension, cardiovascular crises, and systemic symptoms. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has long been the surgical gold standard, but robotic adrenalectomy is increasingly recognized as a precise, minimally invasive alternative with potential advantages in recovery and operative precision. This narrative review critically evaluates the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of robotic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, synthesizing evidence from clinical studies to compare perioperative outcomes, complications, and economic impacts against laparoscopic approaches. While robotic techniques demonstrate promising short-term results, including reduced blood loss and shorter hospital stays, the analysis identifies gaps in long-term outcome data and potential publication bias favoring newer technologies. This review underscores the necessity for rigorous prospective studies to validate these findings and refine patient selection criteria. By contextualizing robotic adrenalectomy within the evolving landscape of minimally invasive surgery, this work aims to guide clinical practice, optimize resource allocation, and improve patient-centered care.