Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on Runx2 Inhibitors During Osteoblast Differentiation: An In Vitro Experimental Study

IntroductIonBone regeneration and remodeling are intricate biological processes governed by a complex interplay of signaling cascades and transcriptional regulators.In recent years, among various noninvasive physical stimuli, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have drawn growing interest for their potential to enhance bone healing and regeneration.SMFs are defined by their constant intensity and unidirectional flux, distinguishing them from alternating magnetic fields that change in direction and magnitude over time.A key advantage of SMFs, particularly in therapeutic contexts, lies in their generation via permanent magnets, which do not require external power sources-making them suitable for long-term and localized application. 1 Neodymium magnets, composed of neodymium, iron, and boron (NdFeB), are known for their high magnetic strength and stability. 2,3These rare-earth magnets are widely used in biomedical applications, and studies have demonstrated their capacity to enhance osteointegration, bone density, and skeletal repair, particularly in cases of trauma or disuse. 2,4SMFs are being extensively explored in disciplines such as physics, molecular biology, and clinical medicine due to their impact on ion transport, cellular metabolism, gene expression, and mechanotransduction.However, while the gross outcomes such as mineral deposition and matrix production have been evaluated, the underlying molecular mechanisms-particularly transcriptional and epigenetic regulation-remain under-investigated.