High-Entropy Li–Na–K Fluoride–Chloride Melts for MSRs

This study theoretically evaluates the thermophysical properties of high-entropy molten salt mixtures composed of lithium, sodium, and potassium fluorides and chlorides, exhibiting enhanced thermodynamic stability as a result of the high configurational entropy. The equimolar mixture, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>, maximizes configurational entropy. This mixture's configurational entropy (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfrac><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>⁡</mml:mo><mml:mn>24</mml:mn><mml:mo>≈</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.59</mml:mn><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math> = 13.21 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) approaches the high-entropy threshold of Rln5 (13.38 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>). These high-entropy mixtures, with entropy significantly exceeding that of FLiNaK (6.9 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>), are promising coolants for molten salt reactors due to improved thermodynamic stability. Two eutectic compositions with reduced lithium content, derived from the phase diagram (melting points 606 and 630 °C), are also analyzed. Density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are calculated from liquidus to 1000 °C using phenomenological superposition-extrapolation, thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT), and molecular dynamics with machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs).

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Journal
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Published
2025-11-14
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c05076
Primary Topic
Optical properties and cooling technologies in crystalline materials
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article
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article

High-Entropy Li–Na–K Fluoride–Chloride Melts for MSRs

Dmitry Zakiryanov, Н. К. Ткачев
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Optical properties and cooling technologies in crystalline materials
article

High-Entropy Li–Na–K Fluoride–Chloride Melts for MSRs

Dmitry Zakiryanov, Н. К. Ткачев
article en

Abstract

This study theoretically evaluates the thermophysical properties of high-entropy molten salt mixtures composed of lithium, sodium, and potassium fluorides and chlorides, exhibiting enhanced thermodynamic stability as a result of the high configurational entropy. The equimolar mixture, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>, maximizes configurational entropy. This mixture's configurational entropy (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mfrac><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo>⁡</mml:mo><mml:mn>24</mml:mn><mml:mo>≈</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.59</mml:mn><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math> = 13.21 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) approaches the high-entropy threshold of Rln5 (13.38 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>). These high-entropy mixtures, with entropy significantly exceeding that of FLiNaK (6.9 J mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>), are promising coolants for molten salt reactors due to improved thermodynamic stability. Two eutectic compositions with reduced lithium content, derived from the phase diagram (melting points 606 and 630 °C), are also analyzed. Density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are calculated from liquidus to 1000 °C using phenomenological superposition-extrapolation, thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT), and molecular dynamics with machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs).

The Journal of Physical Chemistry BVol. 129(47)
Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry (RU), Institute of Metallurgy (RU)
Openalex Percentile: Top 73%
Optical properties and cooling technologies in crystalline materials
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