Combined surgical and endovascular treatment of congenital bilateral femoral arteriovenous fistulas in a child: a case report

This case highlights the importance of a tailored, combined-modality approach for complex congenital AVFs, especially when the fistulas on each side possess different anatomical characteristics. The specific morphology of the fistula is a critical determinant in choosing the optimal treatment strategy to ensure complete closure and prevent long-term complications such as high-output cardiac failure. This approach serves as a valuable clinical reference for the management of similar complex vascular anomalies in the pediatric population.