Investigating the Performance of a Miniature Regenerative Braking System: A Comparative Study of Energy Recovery and Storage Efficiency Using Supercapacitors and Lead Acid Batteries

The global shift towards sustainable energy solutions and the electrification of transport and industrial systems has intensified research into energy recovery and storage technologies. Regenerative braking systems, which convert kinetic energy typically lost as heat during deceleration into usable electrical energy, have emerged as pivotal components in improving the energy efficiency of electromechanical systems. The selection of the optimal energy storage medium, most notably between supercapacitors and lead-acid batteries, remains a critical factor in determining the performance, efficiency, and feasibility of regenerative braking systems, especially in miniature or compact form factors. Supercapacitors and lead-acid batteries represent two distinct paradigms in energy storage technology. Supercapacitors are renowned for their high power density, rapid charge and discharge capabilities, and long cycle life, while lead-acid batteries offer higher energy densities at lower costs but are limited by slower charge rates and shorter lifespans. Understanding the comparative dynamics between these two storage technologies within the context of regenerative braking, particularly in miniature systems where size, weight, and efficiency are paramount, is a subject of both academic and practical significance. This research paper investigates the performance of a miniature regenerative braking system, focusing on a comparative analysis of energy recovery and storage efficiency using supercapacitors and lead-acid batteries. Drawing from recent advancements in power electronics, material science, and electrochemical engineering, the study synthesizes simulation data, experimental findings, and theoretical insights to elucidate the operational merits and limitations of each storage technology. By integrating perspectives from large-scale applications (such as telescope drives) to molecular-level optimizations (as in advanced supercapacitor materials), this paper aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation that can inform the design and deployment of next-generation miniature regenerative systems.