KM3NeT constraint on Lorentz-violating superluminal neutrino velocity
Abstract Lorentz invariance is a fundamental symmetry of spacetime and foundational to modern physics. One of its most important consequences is the constancy of the speed of light. This invariance, together with the geometry of spacetime, implies that no particle can move faster than the speed of light. In this article, we present the most stringent neutrino-based test of this prediction, using the highest-energy neutrino ever detected to date, KM3-230213A. If we assume an extragalactic source as the origin, the arrival of this event, with an energy of $$22{0}_{-110}^{+570} \; {\mbox{PeV}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mn>22</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>110</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>570</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mstyle> <mml:mtext>PeV</mml:mtext> </mml:mstyle> </mml:math> , sets a constraint on $$\delta \equiv {c}_{\nu }^{2}-1\, < \,4.{2}_{-3.7}^{+9.2}\times 1{0}^{-22}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>9.2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>22</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> .
Authors
- T. Chiarusi
- J. Boumaaza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-637X)
- Didac Diego-Tortosa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-3748)
- A. Nayerhoda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-4324)
- Hans van Haren (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-8121)
- R Cocimano
- M. Gutiérrez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-5465)
- Thijs van Eeden
- N Randazzo
- S. Gagliardini
- M. Lamoureux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8860-5826)
- S. Alves Garre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1893-0858)
- A. V. Plavin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-8554)
- Natalia Żywucka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2644-6441)
- C. Haack
- M. Chabab (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-4290)
- Lukas Hennig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2816-2242)
- C.M. Mollo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2766-8003)
- Francesca Magnani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-9397)
- Miroslav D Filipović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-9288)
- M. Scaringella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6753-2832)
- S. Thoudam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-3614)
- Markus Boettcher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-5692)
- D. Paesani
- L. Morales-Gallegos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-4365)
- G. de Wasseige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-5100)
- I. Štekl
- A. F. Daz
- F. Mamedov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0687-7164)
- F. Carenini
- Salva Ardid (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-6655)
- C. Argüelles
- A. Sharma
- N. Mōri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-3787)
- A. B. Bouasla
- J. E. M. Robinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-9413)
- O. Starodubtsev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-4884)
- S. Sánchez Navas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-9059)
- D. Dornic
- A. Bariego-Quintana (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5187-7505)
- A. Moussa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-9120)
- A. Capone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9657-6220)
- J. Schumann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-086X)
- A. van Vliet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2827-3361)
- Y. Y. Kovalev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9303-3263)
- D. Stocco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5377-5163)
- О. Адриани
- I. Lhenry-Yvon
- S. El Hedri
- F. Longhitano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5519-0786)
- M. Breuhaus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0268-5122)
- M. Eff
- D. Bonanno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-3580)
- Sebastien Le Stum
- B. K. Gibson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-3130)
- B. Caiffi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-7544)
- Francesca Gualandi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0859-7211)
- Sharif El Mentawi
- D. Real (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-7021)
- H Thiersen
- S. Sanfilippo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-1705)
- Alberto Manfreda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-4953)
- M.C. Bouwhuis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6512-3683)
- I. Mozun Mateo
- D. Calvo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5280-5770)
- D. van Eijk
- D. Vivolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-2116)
- S. Cherubini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1974-0389)
- I. Tosta e Melo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-4052)
- B. Nkosi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-4779)
- I. Del Rosso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2650-7606)
- Claudio Kopper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-7637)
- G. Papalashvili (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-2643)
- Oliver Janik
- Byung Jun Jung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-5725)
- Brían Ó Fearraigh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-1617)
- S. Mastroianni
- P. Coyle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-1957)
- J. Palacios González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-9981)
- J Keegans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-9813)
- G. Ferrara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-6252)
- M. Sanguineti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-2097)
- E. Berti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5841-7760)
- M. Ardid (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-594X)
- P. Goswami
- L. Pacini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6808-9396)
- R. Dvornický (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4401-1188)
- C. Markou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8358-0853)
- I. C. Rea (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-7754)
- David M. Benoit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7773-6863)
- Alex Wen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4869-7867)
- G. Riccobene (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0600-2774)
- L Gialanella
- P. Piattelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-6485)
- M Petropavlova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-0795)
- Robert Beck Clark
- Jeffrey Lazar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-5025)
- E. Giorgio
- A. De Benedittis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3439-957X)
- V. Kikvadze
- Valentina Parisi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-474X)
- T. Pradier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-0060)
- A. Vacheret
- R. Kvatadze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2656-4650)
- V. Tsourapis
- Paolo Castaldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-5616)
- P. Betti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-165X)
- M. Spurio
- Ahmed Ratnani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-1231)
- A. Veutro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9160-5808)
- Angela Zegarelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1497-3826)
- Jacopo Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-2868)
- M. Musumeci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-4805)
- E. Drakopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2493-8039)
- N. Kamp
- M. Taiuti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-5169)
- L. Cerisy
- D. Franciotti
- A. Parmar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-5469)
- F. Šimkovic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-0414)
- S. Biagi
- F. Salesa Greus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-8703)
- M. André (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-7279)
- J. A. B. Coelho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5615-3899)
- S. Pulvirenti
- W. Idrissi Ibnsalih
- Daniele Zito (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3021-1233)
- V. Kulikovskiy
- L. S. Di Mauro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-7444)
- Z. Bardаčová
- E. Ros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892)
- Sara Rebecca Gozzini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-9631)
- R. Pestes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-1664)
- V. Cecchini
- R. Buompane (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3369-9423)
- A. Margiotta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6929-5386)
- Л. Крупа (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6310-7900)
- Valentin Decoene (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-707X)
- A. Simonelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9206-0347)
- B. Guillon
- N. Geißelbrecht
- A. M. Păun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-2148)
- L. Aphecetche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7662-3878)
- E. Vannuccini
- M. Labalme
- R. Lahmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5493-1702)
- B. Spisso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1491-6151)
- I. Di Palma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-8943)
- J. Zúñiga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-6451)
- E. Eckerová
- C. Pastore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-4741)
- T. Gal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-8673)
- G. Cuttone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-4855)
- S. Viola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-8279)
- A. Šaina
- F. Bretaudeau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8971-8788)
- R. Dallier
- M. Bouta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-0319)
- E.J. Pastor Gomez
- T. Cartraud
- H. Ghaddari
- M. L. Mitsou
- V. Oliviero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9638-0825)
- M. Benhassi
- V. Valsecchi
- R. M. Bozza
- A. Eddymaoui
- N. Sennan
- V. Kueviakoe
- C.A Quiroz-Rangel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3446-8747)
- Eliot Genton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5263-972X)
- P. Sevle Myhr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9103-4410)
- A. Chen
- J. Aublin
- Alfonso Garcia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-2459)
- T. Eberl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-9106)
- E. de Wolf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8272-8681)
- Veronique Van Elewyck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8242-5453)
- C. Bozza
- D. Stavropoulos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8976-0458)
- Massimo Mastrodicasa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-0050)
- M. Marconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0023-4647)
- F. Badaracco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-7904)
- P. Kalaczyński (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-5906)
- I. El Bojaddaini
- P. Duverne
- V. Pestel
- M. Perrin‐Terrin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-1956)
- V. Carretero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7540-0266)
- C. Donzaud
- A. Enzenhöfer
- G. Vasileiadis
- M. Circella
- P. Papini
- A. Manousakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-7488)
- J. D. Zornoza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-0690)
- A. Orlando
- G. Kistauri
- M. Bendahman
- G. Levi
- I. Goos
- R. Coniglione (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-5447)
- A.R Alhebsi
- M Bennani
- E. Oukacha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6796-567X)
- A. Sánchez Losa
- L. Fusco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-3372)
- V. Bertin
- A. Kouchner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7068-2113)
- Y. Becherini
- A. Ukleja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0480-4850)
- L. Martin
- D. Santonocito
- C. Distefano
- A. Domi
- P. de Jong
- C. Lastoria
- A. Lazo
- M. Lindsey Clark
- G. Vannoye
- E. Tzamariudaki
- A. Sinopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9205-8813)
- E. Leonora
- F. Vazquez de Sola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1685-3270)
- B. Trocmé
- Y. Tayalati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-2611)
- P. Sapienza
- C. A. Nicolau
- J. Schnabel
- Y. Shitov
- V. Popa
- G. Miele
- R. Bruijn
- A. Creusot
- E. Berbee
- R. Bruno
- F. Filippini
- D. F. E. Samtleben
- S. Zavatarelli
- C. Gatius Oliver (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1584-1788)
- V. Ellajosyula
- G. Larosa
- G Illuminati
- M. Alshamsi
- S. Celli
- S. Bottai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-8600)
- R. Gracía
- C. Poirè (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7755-7379)
- A. Albert
- D. Drouhin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9719-2277)
- H. Brânzaş
- C. Guidi
- A. Coleiro
- M. R. Musone
- R. Muller
- Antonio Condorelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5681-0086)
- F. Ameli
- Lara Malerba
- A. Marinelli
- D. Joly
- A. Romanov
- R. Shanidze
- V. Lemaı̂tre
- N. Lessing
- J. Prado
- J. Busto
- I. Sgura
- S. Razzaque
- G. Lehaut
- E. Buis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-7097)
- A. Idrissi
- J.-G. Ducoin
- E. Migneco
- H. M. Schutte
- Jhilik Majumdar
- A. Heijboer
- A. Ambrosone
- J. Seneca
- Jesus Eduardo Munoz Mendez
- M. de Jong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1192-7517)
- K. Mehta
- G. E. Păvălaş
- J. Brünner
- L. Bailly-Salins
- S. Aiello
- J.J. Hernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1527-7200)
- G. Takadze
- A. Meskar
- Marco Scarnera
- P. Deguire
- S. Peña Martnez
Institutions
- Tbilisi State University (GE)
- Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University (DZ)
- Cadi Ayyad University (MA)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Mohammed V University (MA)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- Institute of Applied Physics (UA)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Salerno (IT)
- Georgian Technical University (GE)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology (AE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Institut Universitaire de France (FR)
- University of Hull (GB)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (GR)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- North-West University (ZA)
- Université de Haute-Alsace (FR)
- Harvard University Press (US)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- University of Sharjah (AE)
- University of Catania (IT)
- Osservatorio astronomico di Bologna (IT)
- National Institute for Subatomic Physics (NL)
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (FR)
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL)
- Laboratori Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) (IT)
- Institute of Particle Physics (CA)
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (ES)
- Normandie Université (FR)
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NL)
- Mohamed I University (MA)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Caen (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- University of Georgia (GE)
- IMT Atlantique (FR)
- Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique (MA)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (IT)
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (GR)
- Cidete (Spain) (ES)
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (PL)
- Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary (RO)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Czech Technical University in Prague (CZ)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Universitat Politècnica de València (ES)
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- AGH University of Krakow (PL)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Comenius University Bratislava (SK)
- University of Genoa (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Université de Caen Normandie (FR)
- Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Communications Physics
- Published
- 2025-11-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02347-z
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 5.29
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Belgian American Educational Foundation
- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
- European Commission
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Grantová Agentura České Republiky
- Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Generalitat Valenciana
- Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation
- Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Région Normandie
- ESI Group
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Labex UnivEarthS
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules