Research advances on artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis and risk assessment in cardiovascular disease using retinal imaging

AI has made significant progress in the field of CVD assisted diagnosis and risk assessment using retinal imaging. Single-modality models have achieved high accuracy, while multimodal models have further enhanced performance. However, challenges remain, including reliance on single-center data and insufficient generalization capabilities. Future steps include building multi-center datasets, developing dynamic risk models, and promoting portable devices for underserved regions. While promising for early CVD prevention, interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to improve generalizability, standardization, and interpretability for higher clinical value.