Beyond pain relief: a comprehensive review of analgesic self-medication and its broad implications

Self-medication with analgesics gives the individual greater control over pain management but also poses significant health risks. Over-the-counter drugs such as paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and opioids are commonly used because of their accessibility and convenience. Unsupervised use often leads to improper dosing, prolonged consumption, and ignorance of drug interactions, all of which can result in liver toxicity, gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular problems, and opioid dependence. Psychological and social factors, such as the need for quick relief, limited access to health care, and cultural norms that favour self-medication, exacerbate abuse, especially among vulnerable populations, such as college students and young adults. These behaviours place a burden on the healthcare system and exacerbate chronic pain. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant studies, guidelines, and reports. Public education campaigns should focus on the safe use of analgesics, correct dosing, and seeking medical advice. Expanding access to affordable healthcare through community clinics and telemedicine and promoting nonpharmacological pain management strategies offer sustainable alternatives to self-medication. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public is essential to reduce misuse, improve pain management, and minimise the health burdens associated with analgesics while ensuring accessibility and safety.