A configurational analysis of contractor capabilities and conflict governance in low-carbon construction based on PLS-SEM and fsQCA

To explore the link between contractor capabilities and conflicts in low-carbon construction, this study focuses on the complementarity and systemic synergy among various contractor capabilities. It investigates how different types of capabilities play distinct roles in mitigating construction-related conflicts under low-carbon requirements. A systematic literature review identified 10 types of conflicts in green and low-carbon construction and 10 corresponding contractor capabilities. An empirical dataset was constructed through a questionnaire survey. Based on this empirical dataset, the study employs a mixed-method approach combining Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify multiple configurations of contractor capabilities that effectively suppress various types of conflicts in low-carbon construction. The findings highlight the differentiated effects of specific capability configurations, indicating that conflicts in low-carbon construction are not driven by a single factor but stem from the interplay of multiple capability deficiencies or imbalances, and emphasize the importance of capability complementarity and system-level coordination. This research not only extends the theoretical understanding of contractor governance capabilities in the context of low-carbon construction but also offers practical insights for conflict governance by providing strategies for capability assessment, pathway identification, and management optimization. The findings have significant implications for advancing the modernization of governance in low-carbon construction, enhancing contractor competitiveness, and strengthening project resilience.