Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing bacteria urinary tract infections in adult HIV-positive outpatients at Embu County Referral Hospital, Kenya

Our findings highlight a high prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections, including recurrent ones caused by ESBL-, carbapenemase-producing, and colistin-resistant bacteria among HIV-infected adults. A comprehensive One Health approach is urgently required to reduce the burden of AMR among HIV-infected people through promoting responsible antibiotic use via the existing regulatory frameworks and knowledge transfer, as well as AMR uninterrupted surveillance.