Making water knowledge with Artificial Intelligence: A qualitative study of expert interviews on water diplomacy

Water knowledge, understanding the current and future availability and needs of water, has been critical in negotiating international water disputes. Drawing from expert interviews, this article examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools influence knowledge production and exchange in water diplomacy. The findings suggest that technical strides from AI technologies can enhance data and information objectivity and social learning, potentially benefiting water negotiations and consensus building. However, without addressing political and human challenges, AI tools can exacerbate the risk of eroding trust and spreading dis- and mis-information about politically sensitive water issues. The malicious use of AI poses a serious risk, as negotiators may face increased pressure from public opinion, potentially undermining cooperative progress and escalating tensions over water.