Nuclear propulsion for merchant ships: a path to sustainable maritime energy

This study critically assesses the potential of nuclear propulsion, particularly small modular reactors (SMRs), as a transformative solution for decarbonizing merchant shipping. Combining high power density, long endurance, operational speed, and near-zero greenhouse gas emissions, SMR-powered vessels could deliver major efficiency gains and long-term cost stability. Drawing from historical experiences and recent innovations, the analysis evaluates technical performance, environmental impact, and socio-economic feasibility. Key adoption barriers include high capital investment, complex operational demands, and persistent safety concerns. Comparative energy system analyses and experimental insights highlight the necessity of rigorous regulatory oversight, robust safety culture, and public trust. The study identifies a collaborative funding model involving government, academia, non-profits, and defense sectors as critical for early deployment. It advocates for a unified international governance framework to ensure safe navigation, environmental protection, and equitable liability positioning nuclear propulsion as a promising yet challenging pathway to sustainable maritime operations.