Sustainable ecosystem services in the coffee value chain

This systematic review critically examines the integration of sustainable ecosystem services within the coffee value chain, with a focus on environmental conservation and economic viability. Using the ROSES protocol, 2124 sources were initially screened across major academic databases, resulting in a final selection of 217 peer-reviewed manuscripts that were analyzed for empirical insights. The review identifies eight sustainability initiatives, ranging from agroforestry and certification programs to pest management and market access. It categorizes them by target groups, responsible agents, and reported outcomes. Results highlight the central role of farmers and cooperatives in implementing sustainable practices, particularly those that enhance biodiversity, improve soil health, promote water conservation, and increase climate resilience. While certification programs are the most studied, agroforestry emerged as a high-priority area despite being underrepresented in empirical research. Furthermore, the review highlights key gaps in longitudinal studies, economic assessments, and the roles of downstream actors, including roasters and retailers. Findings underscore the need for integrated, multi-stakeholder approaches, supportive policy frameworks, and context-specific interventions to scale sustainable coffee production globally. This review contributes a robust evidence base to guide future research, policy, and practice in enhancing sustainability across the coffee sector.