Narrative review of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric complications associated with prematurity

Prematurity, defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, remains a significant global health concern due to its strong association with increased infant morbidity and mortality. Despite significant advances in antenatal care and neonatal intensive care, preterm infants remain highly susceptible to complications including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. These conditions not only affect immediate survival but also contribute to long-term neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric challenges that may persist throughout the life span. Survivors of preterm born infants continue to face higher risks of cognitive, motor, and behavioural impairments, as well as psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and depression. This narrative review synthesises the recent findings regarding long-term impacts of prematurity on neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes. It highlights their incidence, risk factors, and the screening and assessment tools currently used in clinical and research settings. By synthesising current knowledge, the review aims to guide clinical care, support early identification of at-risk infants, and inform future research priorities.