Antimicrobial resistance and natural alternatives: in vitro efficacy of Hungarian propolis against feline and bovine Tritrichomonas foetus

Our findings highlight propolis as a potential alternative treatment for <i>T. foetus</i>, particularly in cattle where nitroimidazole use is prohibited. Standardizing propolis tincture and conducting <i>in vivo</i> studies will be essential to translate these results into clinical applications. This study contributes to efforts to combat AMR and develop sustainable, natural therapeutic alternatives in veterinary medicine, aligning with One Health principles.