Shock waves in supercritical granular flow impacting a pyramidal wedge

There are a variety of shock waves in fast-moving granular flows colliding with obstacles which crucially shape flow resistance and impact dynamics. This study employs a depth-integrated numerical model to reveal four distinct interaction regimes---oblique, attached bow, detached bow, and runover---depending on the Froude number and wedge geometry. The results also identify a previously unreported transitional attached bow shock that bridges classical regimes, which would be helpful for improving understanding of flow-obstacle interactions relevant to geophysical hazards.