Hybrid Piezo/Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Nanofibrous Aerogels for Energy Harvesting and Respiratory Monitoring

The development of high-performance wearable electronics demands energy harvesters that simultaneously possess exceptional power density, superior breathability, and reliable mechanical durability. To address these challenges, we report an ultralight and breathable fluorinated polyimide (FPI) nanofibrous aerogel-based hybrid nanogenerator that synergistically couples triboelectric and piezoelectric effects through a vertically integrated TENG-PENG architecture. The hybrid piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator (P-TENG) overcomes the fundamental trade-off between pressure sensitivity and electric output performance in single-mechanism devices. By synergistically combining piezoelectric and triboelectric effects, this dual-mechanism architecture simultaneously addresses the contact area-limited saturation of triboelectric output and the strain transfer-constrained piezoelectric response at low pressures. The P-TENG synergistically combines the high-voltage output of triboelectricity with the wide-range linearity of piezoelectricity, achieving exceptional electrical outputs with an open-circuit voltage of 392 V, a short-circuit current of 8.8 μA, and a power density of 898 mW·m^-2. Furthermore, the FPI sensor is seamlessly integrated into a smart mask, enabling multimodal respiratory monitoring, full-body physiological sensing during sleep, and early prediction of sleep apnea. This work establishes a new paradigm for high-performance wearable systems by unifying energy harvesting and precision health monitoring.