SERUM AMYLOID A: A KEY MEDIATOR IN INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DISORDERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Introduction: Serum Amyloid A (SAA) is a critical acute-phase protein involved in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, lipid metabolism, and the regulation of the immune system. Recent investigations have underscored its significant role in various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity-related disorders, and amyloidosis. Objective: This review aims to elucidate the structural characteristics of serum amyloid A while assessing its pathological implications in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, we will evaluate its potential utility as a biomarker for disease diagnosis and management. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted utilizing reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: The evidence presented indicates that SAA plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by disrupting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, fostering oxidative stress, and enhancing vascular inflammation. In the contexts of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, SAA produced by adipose tissue contributes to chronic inflammatory processes that promote insulin resistance and impair pancreatic β-cell function. Furthermore, persistently elevated levels of serum amyloid A in amyloidosis can lead to the misfolding and deposition of amyloid fibrils, which subsequently results in progressive organ dysfunction. Conclusions: The diverse pathological effects of serum amyloid A underscore its importance as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Its potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring warrants further exploration. Future research should prioritize elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms underlying serum amyloid A's actions and developing targeted strategies to mitigate its detrimental effects.