Community gardens as natural third places: a conceptual framework

Amid global climate and biodiversity crises, urban communities, particularly in Europe, are seeking integrative socio-ecological solutions. This paper examines two key concepts for reimagining urban communal spaces: community gardens and third places. We introduce the concept of natural third places, defined as hybrid urban commons that merge informal community social functions with ecological engagement, exemplified by community gardens. This conceptual framework extends third place theory by integrating environmental dimensions and spatial justice considerations, broadening the understanding of inclusive, sustainable urban commons. The study articulates how natural third places facilitate socio-ecological transitions and contribute to more equitable, resilient urban futures.