Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling in quark and gluon jets at the LHC

The Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling of hadron multiplicity distributions, empirically confirmed to hold approximately in <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:msup> <a:mi>e</a:mi> <a:mo>+</a:mo> </a:msup> <a:msup> <a:mi>e</a:mi> <a:mo>−</a:mo> </a:msup> </a:math> collisions and deep inelastic scattering, has been observed to be violated in hadron-hadron collisions. In this work, we show that the universality of KNO scaling can be extended to hadron-hadron collisions when restricted to QCD jets. We present a comprehensive study of KNO scaling in QCD jets produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. Using perturbative QCD calculations in the double logarithmic approximation and simulations, we find that KNO scaling approximately holds for both quark and gluon jets across a broad jet <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:msub> <c:mi>p</c:mi> <c:mi>T</c:mi> </c:msub> </c:math> range, from 0.1 to 2.5 TeV, at both the parton and hadron levels. Especially, we highlight characteristic differences between the KNO scaling functions of quark and gluon jets, with the quark-jet scaling function lying above that of gluon jets at both low and high multiplicities. This distinction is essential for interpreting inclusive jet data at the LHC. Furthermore, we propose direct experimental tests of KNO scaling in QCD jets at the LHC through quark-gluon discrimination using jet substructure techniques, as demonstrated by applying energy correlation functions to -generated data.