Optimized energy-aware cluster head selection mechanism for enhancing wireless sensor network lifetime

Numerous studies have investigated application-specific clustering strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to enhance their lifespan. The first WSN clustering method is LEACH. Cluster heads are randomly selected among sensor nodes. Each sensor node selects CHs randomly, depending on its residual energy according to a uniform distribution. Energy-constrained CH functions are cycled to balance. Although LEACH offers benefits, it also allows low-energy nodes to become CHs with the same likelihood as high-energy ones. This may lead to CH failure, resulting in reduced deployment cost and quality. An energy-efficient connection index-based clustering strategy for WSNs is presented to enhance LEACH. The Connectivity Index (CI) and Energy Consumption Ratio determine the selection of CH. REC prefers nodes with more residual energy, whereas CI guarantees CHs have more neighbors. Multiple pathways to the base station are considered in terms of energy, latency, rate, and stability. Energy utilization, latency, and transmissions decrease, extending network lifespan.