Prevalence of Cigarette, E-Cigarette, and Hookah Smoking and Exposure to Secondhanded Tobacco Smoke at Home and Workplace Among Adults in Zawia, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Smoking, in all its forms (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and hookah), remains one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Libya, reports indicate an increase in smoking rates, particularly among youth; however, studies on smoking in the city of Zawiya are almost non-existent.  Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zawiya, Libya, over a six-month period (June–December 2024). A random sample of 2,123 men was surveyed using a questionnaire designed to collect necessary data. A second questionnaire, specifically designed for male smokers, was administered to 100 smokers. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.  Results: Overall, 48.3% of participants were smokers; 35% of smokers smoked at home, and 63% smoked at work. The study demonstrated that family influences smoking habits. Seventy-eight percent of smokers indicated a desire to quit smoking, and 47% of smokers quit smoking for a period.  Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of smoking in Zawiya and highlights the presence of secondhand smoke at high rates in homes and workplaces. In light of these findings, there is an urgent need to establish awareness programs to strengthen anti-smoking efforts in Libya.