Towards Accessible Non-Planar FFF Using Triple Z-Axis Kinematics

We present a novel approach to non-planar fused filament fabrication (FFF) aimed at making this advanced technique more accessible to the maker and research communities. By enabling the print bed to tilt using three independently actuated Z-axes, our method allows standard 3D printers–such as the commercially available RatRig–to perform non-planar printing with minimal hardware modifications. Specifically, only simple extensions to the rails and bed screws are required. This enables complex, curved-layer fabrication without the need for expensive or sophisticated robotic arms.